Publications
SAS growth scenario at Copenhagen Airport
SAS functions as a critical hub carrier for Scandinavia, linking the region to global markets and providing essential mobility that facilitates economic integration across Northern Europe. Using the methodology and assumptions detailed in the SAS Economic Impact Report (SEO, 2025), this forecast quantifies the contribution of SAS operations at Copenhagen Airport (CPH) in 2030 under a growth scenario.
2025-156
The insurance costs of climate change
Climate change increases the intensity and frequency of natural disasters such as heat waves, forest fires, and floods. The large and rising costs of such disasters increase the risk that homeowners will no longer be able to insure themselves against such events.
2025-154
Evaluation and monitoring of the AGRI3 fund (2020-2024)
At the request of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, SEO Amsterdam Economics conducted a “real-time” evaluation and monitoring of the AGRI3 Fund over the period 2020 to 2024.
2025-56
Economic assessment of EU enlargement: Western Balkans and the Enlargement Trio (Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia)
The report assesses the economic effects of EU accession by the Western Balkans and the Enlargement Trio (Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia). Model estimates indicate that the accession of the nine countries would generate small but positive welfare effects for the Dutch economy and the EU overall.
2025-74
Effects of the EU–Mercosur free trade agreement on the Dutch economy
The report assesses the economic impact of the upcoming EU–Mercosur Agreement on the Dutch economy, using SEO’s structural gravity model of international trade. It concludes that the agreement will lead to modest increases in Dutch exports and imports, resulting in small but positive welfare gains. The report is complemented by detailed trade profiles for the Mercosur countries and selected partners, with a focus on trade in critical raw materials.
2025-114A, 2025-115
Evaluation of OECD’s Tax and Development Programme
Commissioned by the OECD, the evaluation found that the 'Mainstreaming Tax and Development Programme' is a relevant and generally effective initiative that helps developing countries strengthen their tax systems and improve domestic resource mobilisation.
2025-46
Impact of a CO2 ceiling on airline market access at Schiphol
This study analyses the legal and economic impacts of the proposed CO2 ceiling for departing international flights from the Netherlands.
2025-25
Non-CO2 aviation climate effects in cost-benefit analysis
This study analyzes how the costs of aviation-related non-CO₂ climate effects should be incorporated into social cost-benefit analyses, taking into account the uncertainty regarding the precise magnitude of these effects.
2024-158
The economic impact of SAS
SAS requested SEO Amsterdam Economics to conduct an analysis of its economic impact in Scandinavia. By analysing the economic interconnections between all sectors, applying the Input-Output model to aviation allows us to assess how airline-airport-related activities, including their employment impacts, influence the economy through a "snowball effect".
2025-87
Air access to remote Finnish and European regions
Air access to remote areas with low passenger demand often relies on public subsidies, such as public service obligations (PSOs), to maintain essential connectivity. This study of three Finnish routes shows that aviation services are not commercially viable without significant support, with subsidies and cross-subsidies covering about three-quarters of airfare costs. The resulting economic impact on the remote regions, estimated at €19 million, mirrors the size of the subsidies provided.
2025-72